BAB
1
Some
Used to sentence
Positive / Affirmative / Statement, Offer, requests, and questions if you wish
the question to be answered "Yes / yes".
Example :
1. I
have some friends to be visited next week.
2. She
borrowed some books at library.
Any
Used for negative sentences or questions.
example:
1. Have
you got any bananas? No, we haven’t got any. But we’ve got some oranges.
2. Do
you have any idea to solve this problem?
Much
Much used for objects that can not be calculated, and to calculate it requires a dose / weights and sizes. The benchmark of an object can not be counted is if to count must use tools. such as liter, rupiah, etc. kilogram.
example:
Much used for objects that can not be calculated, and to calculate it requires a dose / weights and sizes. The benchmark of an object can not be counted is if to count must use tools. such as liter, rupiah, etc. kilogram.
example:
- You
took too much sugar in your tea, it’s not good for your health.
- We
need much sand to build a big building.
many
Many are used for objects that can be calculated (countable
noun)
example:
1.
How many fruit you take from refrigerator?
2.
Many people asked me if I have got married or
not.
A lot of
A lot of good
can be used for items that can be counted and can not be calculated. This means
that can be used to change the position of Many.
What distinguishes the Many and Much is that the usage
habits. A lot of just plain used in the positive.
Contoh:
1. I
have a lot of friends who always stand by me.
2. How
much money do you have? I have a lot of money.
BAB II
PENGGUNAAN
ARTICLE A, AN DAN THE NO ARTICLE
Sebagai article,
“A” dan “AN” artinya adalah satu. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, kedua article ini
dapat diterjemahkan menjadi sebuah/seekor/sehelai dst. Hal ini tergantung dari
noun yang mengikutinya. Misalnya :
An apple
= sebuah apel
Ø
A lady
= seorang wanita
Ø
A tiger
= seekor harimau
Ø
A leaf = sehelai daun, dst
Penggunaan A dan AN
1. A dan AN hanya dapat diikuti oleh singular
nouns (benda tunggal), tetapi tidak pernah secara langsung diikuti oleh
uncountable nouns (benda yang tidak dapat dihitung). Olehnya itu, akan
INCORRECT jika anda menulis,
Ø
I need a water (water:uncountable noun)
Ø
I just ate a bread (bread:uncountable noun)
Ø
She just heard a bad news about her parents
(news:uncountable noun)
Kalimat ini akan
menjadi benar jika article A dihilangkan atau jika didepan uncountable noun
(i.e. water dan bread) ditambahkan penakar (container) atau pengukur yang
berfungsi untuk menyatakan berapa banyak/volume/ukuran dari uncountable nouns
tersebut.
Ø
I need water atau I need a glass of water
Ø
I just ate bread atau I just ate a big slice of
bread
Ø
She just heard bad news about her parents atau
she just heard a piece of bad news about her parents
2. A dan AN
digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sebuah singular noun secara umum (in
general). Contoh :
§
A footballs is usually made of leather
(leather=kulit, dalam konteks ini jangan gunakan kata skin. Leather adalah
animal skin yang sudah diolah)
§
AN artist should keep a good relationship with
fans
3. A dan AN
digunakan untuk merujuk ke sebuah singular noun yang belum pernah disebutkan
sebelumnya. Contoh :
§
I met a guy last night
§
My company just build a new skyscraper
(skyscraper=gedung pencakar langit)
Ø Penggunaan Article THE
Ada beberapa
rules yang harus anda pahami dalam menggunakan article THE
1. The umumnya
digunakan untuk merujuk noun yang sudah pernah disebutkan sebelumnya. Dengan
adanya the, noun yang dimaksud menjadi lebih spesifik. Noun tersebut bisa
countable, bisa juga uncountable noun. Jika countable noun, noun tersebut bisa
singular, bisa juga plural. Dalam hal ini, the dapat berarti tersebut atau itu,
atau kadang-kadang ini. Contoh :
§
I met a guy last night. The guy asked my number
and whether I would go out for a date (number=nomor telepon, date=kencan).
Dalam kalimat ini, the bisa digantikan dengan that.
§
The water in my well is contaminated
(well=sumur, contaminated=terkontaminasi). Dalam kalimat ini, the tidak pantas
digantikan dengan that, karena “water” di kalimat ini sudah diterangkan oleh
“in my well”. Coba terjemahkan, terasa janggal bukan?
§
Three students didn’t perform well in my exam.
The (three) students hadn’t studied hard enough before the exam. Dalam kalimat
ini, kata three adalah optional (bisa digunakan, bisa juga dihilangkan), karena
maknanya sudah dipahami oleh lawan bicara atau pembaca. Di kalimat ini, the
dapat digantikan dengan those/these. Jika anda masih ragu dalam penggunaan
those/these, akan lebih aman jika anda menggunakan the.
§
There are many persons named Agnes Monica on
Facebook. You will have hard timeto find the Agnes Monica who sings Matahariku.
Sebaliknya, the
tidak digunakan jika kita membicarakan uncountable nouns atau plural nouns
secara umum (in general). Contoh :
a. Water needs to be conserved (air perlu
dikonservasi/dilindungi)
b. Sugar is sweet (gula(rasanya)manis)
c. Durians are very smelly (durian-durian
sangat bau/baunya keras)
d. Lazy students hardly get good grades
(murid-murid yang malas hamper tidak pernah mendapt nilai bagus)
2. Kata seperti breakfast, lunch, dinner,
supper (=dinner), school, church, home dan college pada umumnya tidak
membutuhkan article. Tetapi jika noun ini dirujuk, barulah article the
diperlukan. Contoh :
Ø
We go to school everyday. Starting next week,
however, the school will be buildozed by the government (be buildozed=diratakan
dengan tanah dengan menggunakan bulldozer)
Ø
Jenny and I just finished having lunch at the
cafeteria. I thanked her because she paid for the lunch
Ø
I am very tired. I’d like to go home
BAB 3
USE OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE PRESENT FORM
Active
sentence is a sentence that is the subject of the sentence is an act of the
perpetrato
Aktif : S +
Verb (Kata Kerja) + Objek + dll
Contoh-contoh
kalimat aktif
1. The
Indonesian football team was beaten by the Saudi Arabian team.
(Team sepakbola Indo nesia dikalahkan oleh team arab Saudi).
2.
Koko’s nose is bleeding. He was punched by his friend right on his nose.
(Hidung Koko sedang berdarah. Dia dipukul oleh temannya tepat di hidungnya).
3.
These plants were watered by my sister a few minutes ago.
(Tanaman-tanaman ini disirami oleh adikku beberapa menit yang lalu).
4.
English is studied by all high school students.
(Bahasa Inggris dipelajari oleh semua murid sekolah menengah lanjutan (SMP dan
SMA).
5.
There is no meal left. All has been devoured by Yeyes.
(Tidak ada makan yang tersisa. Semuanya telah dilahap habis oleh Yeyes).
6. He
meets them everyday (Ia bertemu mereka sehari-hari)
7.
she waters this plant every two days. (Dia perairan tanaman ini
setiap dua hari)
8.
The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week.
(Para petani yang akan memanen tanaman minggu depan)
9. He
will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
(Dia akan bertemu dengan mereka sebelum saya sampai besok)
10. He
will meet them tomorrow. (Dia akan menemui mereka besok)
Kalimat
passive voice
kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya bukan pelaku suatu tindakan. Si
subjek adalah si penerima akibat dari sebuah tindakan
Rumus umum
untuk membentuk suatu kalimat Pasif
Pasif :
Objek + to be + Verb 3 (Kata Kerja Bentuk III) ( + by subjek)
+ dll
Beberapa
Bentuk Kalimat Passive
1) Passive Imperative Sentence
Rumus:
Let + objek
+ be + Kata Kerja Bentuk III
1. Help the poor (active)
2. Let the poor be helped (passive)
2) Passive Infinitive: It
is/was time
Rumus:
Ø It is/was time for + objek + to be +
kata kerja III
ü It is time to send the letter
(active)
·
It is time
for the letter to be sent (passive)
3) Negative Passive Imperative
Sentence
Rumus:
Ø Subjek + be + Kata kerja III + not
to + infinitive
(kata kerja
III yang sering digunakan adalah: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested)
·
Don’t wait
for me (active)
·
You are
advised not to wait for me (passive)
4) Passive Sentence with Verbs
of Perception
Rumus:
Subjek + be
+ adjectives + when + subjek + be + kata kerja III
(kata kerja
yang digunakan adalah: taste, smell, feel)
1. This food tastes delicious (active)
2. This food is delicious when it is
tasted (passive)
5) Passive Sentence with
Certain Verbs followed by “that-clause”
Kata kerja
yang digunakan adalah: accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, decide, expect,
find out, intend, plan, point out, presume, prove, regret, report, say, think,
understand.
1. We regretted that the principal had
to resign from office (active)
2. It was regretted that the principal
had to resign from office (passive)
6) Passive Sentence with Nouns
or Adjectives as Complements
1. I consider her very pretty (active)
2. She is considered very pretty
(passive)
7) Passive Sentence with two
objects
1. He gave me a book (active)
2. A book was given to me by him
(passive 1)
3. I was given a book by him (passive
2)
8) Passive Sentence with
Gerund Verbs
1. The teacher enjoyed teaching the
students (active)
The students enjoyed being taught by
the teacher (passive)
9) Agent consisting long
expression at the end of sentence
Dalam kalimat pasif, jika pelaku
terdiri dari ekspresi yang panjang, sebaiknya subjek tersebut ditempatkan di
akhir kalimat setelah by.
1. We were all surprised by her sudden
announcement to get married
2. I was confused by his plan to stop
the ongoing project and begin a new one.
10) Passive Sentence with
unique verbs
Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah:
require, deserve, need
1. This wall needs to be painted (sama
dengan)
2. This wall needs painting.
BAB
4
understand
the use of active sentence in past form post
Indefinite
pronoun (kata ganti tak tentu) berfungsi mengganti
hal-hal yang spesifik menjadi konsep-konsep yang umum dan tidak spesifik.
Contoh:
1. I
want to live abroad in Italy.
2. I
want to live abroad somewhere.
Dalam
unit ini kita akan membahas indefinite pronoun yang terbentuk dari kata some,
any, no, dan every.
Some/any
Some dan any bisa
dikombinasikan dengan “-thing” untuk menunjukkan objek yang tidak
ditentukan. Contoh:
1. There’s something outside
the door.
2. There
isn’t anything in the box.
Some
dan any bisa dikombinasikan dengan “-body” atau “-one” untuk
menunjukkan orang yang tidak ditentukan. Ada sedikit perbedaan makna antara “-body”
dan “-one“. Contoh:
1. If
you have a problem, someone/somebody will help you.
2. Do
you know anyone/anybody who can help?
Kata
benda gabungan ini mengikuti aturan yang sama seperti some dan any,
yakni some digunakan pada kalimat afirmatif, dan any digunakan
pada kalimat negatif dan pertanyaan. Contoh:
1. I
need something from the supermarket.
2. I
don’t need anything from the supermarket.
3. Do
you need anything from the supermarket?
No
No bisa
dikombinasikan dengan berbagai kata benda yang artinya ketiadaan sesuatu.
Contoh:
1. “Did
you find your wallet? No, there’s nothing here.”
2. “Did
anything happen?” “No, nothing happened.”
3. This
job is going nowhere. (maksud: Tidak menjadi lebih baik.)
4. Nowhere is
as good as here. (maksud: Aku suka disini yang paling baik.)
5. Is
anybody here? No, there’s nobody here.
6. I
waited for an hour but nobody came.
Terkadang
kata-kata dengan no- bisa memiliki lebih banyak penekanan
dibanding kata-kata dengan any. Contoh:
1. I
didn’t tell anyone what happened.
2. I
told nobody what happened.
BAB
5
Indefinite
pronoun (ndefinite pronouns) serves to replace
specific things into concepts general and not specific. Example:
want to live abroad in Italy.
3. I
want to live abroad somewhere.
Dalam
unit ini kita akan membahas indefinite pronoun yang terbentuk dari kata some,
any, no, dan every.
Some/any
Some
and any can be combined with "-thing" to indicate the object is not
specified. Example
3. There’s something outside
the door.
4. There
isn’t anything in the box.
Some
and any can be combined with "-body" or "-one" to show
people who are not specified. There is a slight difference in meaning between
"-body" and "-one". Example
3. If
you have a problem, someone/somebody will help you.
4. Do
you know anyone/anybody who can help?
The
combined nouns follow the same rules as some and any, which some used in
affirmative sentences, and any used in negative sentences and questions.
Example:
4. I
need something from the supermarket.
5. I
don’t need anything from the supermarket.
6. Do
you need anything from the supermarket?
No
No
can be combined with various noun which means the absence of something.
Example:
7. “Did you find your wallet? No, there’s nothing here.”
8. “Did
anything happen?” “No, nothing happened.”
9. This
job is going nowhere. (maksud: Tidak menjadi lebih baik.)
10. Nowhere is
as good as here. (maksud: Aku suka disini yang paling baik.)
11. Is
anybody here? No, there’s nobody here.
12. I
waited for an hour but nobody came.
Sometimes words with no- could have had
more emphasis than any words. Example:
3. I
didn’t tell anyone what happened.
4. I
told nobody what happened.
DEFINITIONS
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
Just
like any other language, the English language also has a wide variety of
sentence structure, vocabulary, text type, noun, and others to support a way to
communicate with others. In this occasion, we will discuss about Reflexive
Pronoun.
Before
we get to what the reflexive pronoun, we must first understand what the pronoun
which is a replacement of the noun in the English language. However, whether it
is a noun? Noun is a word signifying a person, an object, or somewhere. Noun
include things like your name (Andi, Shinta, Budi, etc.), Our work (scientists,
police, singers, etc.), Names of animals (cats, elephants, tigers, etc.),
Places (schools, offices , parks, etc.), and many more. Pronoun is the
replacement of the noun, with the function to prevent the repetition of the
noun
Contoh:
Debbie
has already left for school. She went there by bus.
.Reflexive
pronoun dalam bahasa inggris
Penggunaan
reflexive pronoun pada kehidupan sehari-hari:
Ø Merefleksikan
kembali objek
Ade is sleeping by herself.
Aji injured himself while playing
football.
Ø Menggantikan
kata ‘alone’
She went to school by herself.
Joko is reading a book by himself.
Ø Saat
subjek dan objek adalah hal yang sama
I am in love with myself.
We’re getting ourselves in danger.
Ø Menegaskan
orang yang dicerminkan
I need to see the boss himself.
Why can’t you do your homework by yourself?
BAB
6
Have
something done dan causative have
Cause verb is a sentence explaining that the subject
of the sentence as though no action, but others who perform actions desired by
the subject. So obviously a function of Causative Verb is for others that will
replace the action from the subject of the sentence. Thus, in the active
sentence in the causative verb has two actors, one as a subject who does not
take action and the other one is the perpetrator or often referred to as an
agent. Usually in Causative verb is worded Let, have, get, make but in its use
of the word has a function and a slightly different pattern.
sentence Causative
Verb
John lets me drive his new car
My teacher made me apologize for what I had said
I had the mechanic check the brakes
Susi gets her so to take the medicine even though it tastes terrible
Makna dari kalimat Causative verb
John lets me drive his new car
My teacher made me apologize for what I had said
I had the mechanic check the brakes
Susi gets her so to take the medicine even though it tastes terrible
Makna dari kalimat Causative verb
1. Let
Causative
Verb dengan kata kerja “ Let” berarti si subject mengijinkan pelaku untuk
melakukan seusatu.perhatikan kalimat dibawah ini
John
lets me drive his new car
Pada
kalimat diatas terdapat dua orang yaitu John dan “Me” John disini adalah
berfungsi sebagai Subject dan “ Me” disini disebutkan sebagai seorang agent
sehingga secara tidak langsung makna kalimat tersebut adalah John mengijinkan
saya untuk mengendarai mobil barunya.
2. Make
Causative
Verb “ Make” mempunyai arti “ memerintah / memaksa seseorang ( agent) untuk
melakukan suatu tindakan. Perhatikan kalimat dibawah ini .
My
teacher made me apologize for what I had said
Pada
kalimat diatas Causative Verb “Made” mempunyai fungsi sebagai paksaan. Dengan
maksud kalimat diatas adalah “Guru saya memaksa saya untuk meminta maaf untuk
apa yang telah saya katakan”
3. Have.
Causative
Verb “ have” mempunyai arti memberikan seseorang tanggung jawab untuk melakukan
sesuatu “ perhatikan kalimat dibawah ini.
I
had the mechanic check the brakes
Kalimat
diatas maksudnya adalah saya seorang mekanik memeriksa rem saya karena saya
percaya pada dia ( Mekanik) dan yang melakukan pekerjaan pengecekan adalah
Mecanik
4. Get
Causative
Verb Get sebenarnya mempunyai arti/makna yang hampir mirip dengan “have” akan
tetapi cenderung lebih memaksa. Rumus atau pola Causative Verb
penulisan Rumus/pola Causative verb
1.
Have
Subject
+ Have + Agent ( Pelaku) + V1
Contoh
=
My
teacher make me do the exercise on the book
The
boss made the secretary do the job
2.
Let
Subject + Let + Agent
( pelaku) + V1
Contoh kalimat :
John Let me drive his new car
My parents let me go to the party
I let my sister clean the house
John Let me drive his new car
My parents let me go to the party
I let my sister clean the house
3.
Make
Subject + Make + Agent
( pelaku) + V1
Contoh kalimat
John make me drive his new car
My parents make me do the housework
I make my sister clean the house
4.
Get
Subject + Get + agent
+ To + V1
Contoh kalimat
John get me to drive his new car
My parents get me to do the housework
Kalimat passive dalam
Causative Verb / have something done
Kalimat
passive dalam Causative verb atau sering dikenal dengan Have something done
berbeda dengan kalimat active dalam causative verb. Perhatikan rumus atau pola
dalam kalimat passive Causative Verb. Perbedaan antara Causative Verb Passive
dan active terletak pada kata setelah kata Have/Let/Get/make, seandainya kata
setelah have/let/get/make adalah subject atau pelaku maka kalimat tersebut
adalah kalimat Causative Verb berbentuk active sedangkan kalau kata setelah
Have/Let/Get/make adalah kata benda atau object maka adalah bentuk kalimat
Causative Verb passive rumusnya seperti berikut ini.
Subject
+ Causative verb ( Have, Let, get, make) + Object + V3
Contoh kalimat Causative Verb passive
Tina have her house painted
I had the book written by my sister
I had the car washed
My parents had the house cleaned Soal dan Pembahasan Causative Verb
BAB
7
DETERMINER
Determiner
is a word or group of words that are placed in front of the noun to limit the
meaning of the noun. In traditional grammar, often called the limiting
adjective determiner, although a different meaning to the ordinary adjective.
If
both are in the noun phrase, adjective limiting will be in front of the usual
adjective.
Determiner
comprises:
article
quantifier
possessive
adjective
demonstrative
determiner
Rumus
|
General
Determiner
|
Contoh Noun
Phrase
|
general
determiner + singular countable noun
|
a & an (indefinite articles)
|
a book, an apple
|
another (difference word)
|
another man
|
|
any, no (quantifier)
|
any report, no journey
|
|
each, every, neither (distributive)
|
each pair, every student, neither
spoon (nor fork)
|
determiner
+ plural countable noun
|
all,
both (distributive)
|
all
books, several magazines
|
some,
any, no, many, few, several (quantifier)
|
some
people, any new books, no jobs, many clothes, few activities
|
|
other
(difference words)
|
other
tasks
|
|
enough,
more, most
|
enough
dollars, more tips, most batteries
|
|
determiner
+ uncountable noun
|
all (distributive)
|
all furniture
|
some, any, no, little, less, much
(quantifier)
|
some paper, any time, no money, little
information, less sugar, much coffee
|
|
more, most, enough
|
more advice, most cheese,
enough money
|
BAB
8
QUESTION
TAG
HOW TO MAKE A QUESTION TAG
Question tags are short questions
that often there at the end of a sentence in a sentence. In Indonesian, question
tags can be defined right? / Is not it? / O? / Yuk ?.
Some provisions in making the tag
question, namely:
1. If the sentence is positive,
then its negative tag question.
Example:
Ø Soyong
is smart, is not she?
Ø Won
Bin and Tim are making a bowl of noodle, are not they?
Note: If the tag question is
negative, then it should not be abbreviated.
For example: is not he? not is not
he?
2. If the sentence in the form of
prohibition or command, you will use to question his tag.
Example:
Ø Do
not be noise, will you?
Ø Do
not make me upset, will you?
3. If the sentence is negative,
then the question tag is positive.
Example:
Ø Soyong
is not smart, is she?
Ø Won
Bin and Tim are not making a bowl of noodle, are they?
4. If the sentence using the verb
(verb), then use do / does or did.
Example:
Ø Sprott
buys Amanda Cakes in Bandung, does not she?
Ø Jack
found the key on that desk, did not he?
5. When the subject I am, then his
question tags are not I. However, if the subject I am not, then question his
tag am I.
Example:
Ø I
am not rude, am I?
Ø I
am diligent, are not I?
6. If the sentences using modals,
then use modals to question his tag. Especially for modals have to, use the
auxiliary do to question his tag.
Example:
Ø Taeyeon
will be come back soon, will not she?
Ø Jack
can not drive a car, can he?
Ø They
have to make a movie now, do not they?
7. If the subject is somebody,
everyone, someone, everybody, no one and nobody, then they use the tag in
question.
Example:
Ø Everybody
went to the restaurant, did not they?
Ø Somebody
brought the guitar to my studio last week, did not they?
8. If the sentence contains a word
with negative meaning, for example, nobody, hardly no one, nothing rarely,
seldom, then use question tags barely positive.
Example:
Ø No
one come to my house, do they?
Ø She
never seems to care, does she?
9. If the subject is
something, everything, and nothing, then use it in question tags.
Ø
Ø Example:
Ø Something is moving, is not it?
Ø Everything
should be ready, should not it?
10. If the sentence
begins with let's, then the tag question is shall we.
Example:
Ø Let's forget it, shall we?
Ø
Ø
Let's draw the good picture here, shall we?
Ø She
never seems to care, does she?
9. If the subject is something,
everything, and nothing, then use it in question tags.
Example:
Ø Something
is moving, is not it?
Ø Everything
should be ready, should not it?
10. If the sentence begins with
let's, then the tag question is shall we.
Example:
Ø Let's
forget it, shall we?
Ø Let's
draw the good picture here, shall we?
BAB
9
Thrid conditional
Thrid conditional
Definition
and Examples of Conditional Sentences - Conditional sentences are conditional
sentence has two clauses (main clause and the clause) to be connected to use
the word "IF". This sentence has the meaning of "if" or
"if". In English, this type of sentence is divided into three,
namely:
1.First Conditional
2.Second Conditional
3.Third Conditional
If
+ S + V1, S + will + V1 + O
Example sentences First Conditional Sentences:
Ø If
I have free time, I will play football
Ø If
the bell school rings, I’ll go home.
Ø If
she invite you, will you come?
2.
Second Conditional
If + S + v2, S + would + v1 + O
Example sentences Second Conditional
Ø If
I married with Nina, I would be happy. (Jika saya menikah dengan Nina, Saya
akan senang.)
Ø If
Karlo became rich, he would marry her. (Jika Karlo menjadi kaya, dia akan
menikahinya.)
Ø If
it snowed next June, what would you do?. (Jika musim salju bulan Juni yang akan
datang, apa yang akan kamu lakukan?)
3. Third Conditional
If + S + had + V3, S + would have + V3 + O
Contoh Kalimat Third Conditional
Ø If
I had seen Gina, I would have told her. (Jika saya bertemu Gina, saya akan mengatakan
padanya.)
Ø If
it had rained yesterday, would you have stayed at home? (Jika kemarin hujan,
akankah kamu tinggal di rumah?)
Ø If
Virly had been free yesterday, I would have invited her. (Jika Virly libur
kemarin, saya akan mengundangnya.)
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